Weekly Green Tau

7th Sunday after Trinity, Proper 11

23rd July 2023

Reflection (readings are below)

The story from Genesis is beautifully visual. The ladder connecting heaven and earth, a thoroughfare of heavenly two-way traffic – and its clear message that God is with us, always and everywhere. The message of God’s closeness to us, that is both intimate and unceasing, also comes to us strongly in today’s Psalm. It is a reminder we need because however much we understand that God is with us, we so easily forget or ignore the fact. People talk of thin places – places where the closeness of heaven and earth feels so tangible, often places of great natural beauty such as a mountain top or a place steeped in generations of worship. It is as if we need a physical prompt to remind us of God’s proximity, or maybe it is that we need to be shaken out of our everyday blinkered business, to be aware of where we are. At other times it is as if we need a shock or a jolt to make us realise that we are – always – in the presence of God. Perhaps that is how it was for Jacob. Away from the trappings of home and the comfortable reassurance of family life, fearful of the discord he has created, he perhaps has the space to contemplate God, the openness of mind to be aware of God – and the  need to hope for the reassurance of  God’s presence. Whatever it is, Jacob wakes up knowing for sure that God is and will always be, with him. 

Does this certainty, this knowledge, change Jacob’s circumstances? Does it remove his need to run away, to escape his brother’s wrath? Does it suddenly give him a job and a home and wife? Does it suddenly reconcile him with his brother? Does it suddenly wipe away the injustices Jacob has created? No. God’s presence with us doesn’t change our circumstances but it does change our ability to cope with them. Much later in the story we will see Jacob returning to and being reconciled with his brother. 

And I think that is also a way of interpreting today’s psalm. It is not that we seek the grave or the uttermost parts of the sea or the darkest parts of the night to escape God, but that if, for whatever reason, we find ourselves in such places we will find God there too. There is no place of suffering or destruction – or evil – where God will not also be. 

Following on from Psalm 139 we have hear the words from Paul that we should not live according to the flesh but according to the Spirit. When Paul talks of living according to the flesh he means that way of living that closes itself off to the spiritual, the blinkered view that ignores the subtle clues of the richer world around us that is ‘filled with the grandeur of God’. The view that works so hard to push away anything other than material thoughts. That stubbornly refuses to acknowledge that we are not independent beings that need not rely on – nor love –  anything other than ourselves. That cares only for one’s physical well being. Whereas to live according the the Spirit is to be aware of God’s presence in the everyday world around us, to be aware that we are part of a greater and interconnected whole, to be aware of the prompting -the guiding and reassurance of God. To live in the Spirit is for us, as Christians, to follow the way of Christ.

In the next paragraph Paul is talking of the earth groaning and longing to be set free of its bonds, of creation being in the pangs of birth, of an ongoing – at present – suffering of which we are all apart. And what he writes is true. We do live in a world where there is pain and many groans of anguish. We do live in a world full of suffering and injustice – and human stupidity. And I don’t think we can easily escape the feelings of distress and alarm. Indeed if we could, I am not sure it would be helpful. We need to be conscious of the realities of life in order to seek to change what is wrong. (Jacob needs to feel the pain of injustice to seek reconciliation with his brother; the prodigal son needs to experience rock bottom to mend his relationship with his father; we need to experience the pain of witnessing the events of Good Friday to understand what sin and love look like). 

Perhaps that too is a way of understanding the parable in today’s gospel. Jesus is reminding us that we live in a fallen world – that is a world where there is pain and suffering, a world where people can make bad or foolish or misguided choices, a world where people do not always share the same values, do not always or everywhere acknowledge the spiritual, where sometimes people are only  aware of a life lived according to the flesh. And the solution,  says Jesus, is not for God to step in and magically transform everything. To do so would be to cause more damage. Veering away now from the parable and towards the example of Jesus, Jesus’s message is surely one of second chances, of healing and restoration, of enabling people to find the right paths and to develop their true potential as children of God. 

The Christian calling is, I believe, to work with God in the healing of creation, in being midwives in helping the world through the pangs of labour that will give birth to the kingdom of heaven reigning  here on earth. This is why we must act for justice, for compassion and for the care of creation – and do so always remembering that God is there too. Whether we feel that we are winning or loosing, resting or working, God is always with us.

Genesis 28:10-19a

Jacob left Beer-sheba and went toward Haran. He came to a certain place and stayed there for the night, because the sun had set. Taking one of the stones of the place, he put it under his head and lay down in that place. And he dreamed that there was a ladder set up on the earth, the top of it reaching to heaven; and the angels of God were ascending and descending on it. And the Lord stood beside him and said, “I am the Lord, the God of Abraham your father and the God of Isaac; the land on which you lie I will give to you and to your offspring; and your offspring shall be like the dust of the earth, and you shall spread abroad to the west and to the east and to the north and to the south; and all the families of the earth shall be blessed in you and in your offspring. Know that I am with you and will keep you wherever you go, and will bring you back to this land; for I will not leave you until I have done what I have promised you.” Then Jacob woke from his sleep and said, “Surely the Lord is in this place—and I did not know it!” And he was afraid, and said, “How awesome is this place! This is none other than the house of God, and this is the gate of heaven.”

So Jacob rose early in the morning, and he took the stone that he had put under his head and set it up for a pillar and poured oil on the top of it. He called that place Bethel.

Psalm 139: 1-11, 22-23

1 Lord, you have searched me out and known me; *
you know my sitting down and my rising up;
you discern my thoughts from afar.

2 You trace my journeys and my resting-places *
and are acquainted with all my ways.

3 Indeed, there is not a word on my lips, *
but you, O Lord, know it altogether.

4 You press upon me behind and before *
and lay your hand upon me.

5 Such knowledge is too wonderful for me; *
it is so high that I cannot attain to it.

6 Where can I go then from your Spirit? *
where can I flee from your presence?

7 If I climb up to heaven, you are there; *
if I make the grave my bed, you are there also.

8 If I take the wings of the morning *
and dwell in the uttermost parts of the sea,

9 Even there your hand will lead me *
and your right hand hold me fast.

10 If I say, “Surely the darkness will cover me, *
and the light around me turn to night,”

11 Darkness is not dark to you;
the night is as bright as the day; *
darkness and light to you are both alike.

22 Search me out, O God, and know my heart; *
try me and know my restless thoughts.

23 Look well whether there be any wickedness in me *
and lead me in the way that is everlasting.

Romans 8:12-25

Brothers and sisters, we are debtors, not to the flesh, to live according to the flesh– for if you live according to the flesh, you will die; but if by the Spirit you put to death the deeds of the body, you will live. For all who are led by the Spirit of God are children of God. For you did not receive a spirit of slavery to fall back into fear, but you have received a spirit of adoption. When we cry, “Abba! Father!” it is that very Spirit bearing witness with our spirit that we are children of God, and if children, then heirs, heirs of God and joint heirs with Christ– if, in fact, we suffer with him so that we may also be glorified with him.

I consider that the sufferings of this present time are not worth comparing with the glory about to be revealed to us. For the creation waits with eager longing for the revealing of the children of God; for the creation was subjected to futility, not of its own will but by the will of the one who subjected it, in hope that the creation itself will be set free from its bondage to decay and will obtain the freedom of the glory of the children of God. We know that the whole creation has been groaning in labour pains until now; and not only the creation, but we ourselves, who have the first fruits of the Spirit, groan inwardly while we wait for adoption, the redemption of our bodies. For in hope we were saved. Now hope that is seen is not hope. For who hopes for what is seen? But if we hope for what we do not see, we wait for it with patience.

Matthew 13:24-30,36-43

Jesus put before the crowd another parable: “The kingdom of heaven may be compared to someone who sowed good seed in his field; but while everybody was asleep, an enemy came and sowed weeds among the wheat, and then went away. So when the plants came up and bore grain, then the weeds appeared as well. And the slaves of the householder came and said to him, ‘Master, did you not sow good seed in your field? Where, then, did these weeds come from?’ He answered, ‘An enemy has done this.’ The slaves said to him, ‘Then do you want us to go and gather them?’ But he replied, ‘No; for in gathering the weeds you would uproot the wheat along with them. Let both of them grow together until the harvest; and at harvest time I will tell the reapers, Collect the weeds first and bind them in bundles to be burned, but gather the wheat into my barn.’”

Then he left the crowds and went into the house. And his disciples approached him, saying, “Explain to us the parable of the weeds of the field.” He answered, “The one who sows the good seed is the Son of Man; the field is the world, and the good seed are the children of the kingdom; the weeds are the children of the evil one, and the enemy who sowed them is the devil; the harvest is the end of the age, and the reapers are angels. Just as the weeds are collected and burned up with fire, so will it be at the end of the age. The Son of Man will send his angels, and they will collect out of his kingdom all causes of sin and all evildoers, and they will throw them into the furnace of fire, where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth. Then the righteous will shine like the sun in the kingdom of their Father. Let anyone with ears listen!”

Counting on … day 1.134

22nd July 2023 

The Conservative by-election win in Uxbridge is being presented as an opposition vote vis a vis the extension of the ULEZ in London. Transitioning to net zero (including halving emissions by 2030 – less than 7 years away) is something we all need to be engaged with. That includes appropriate investment by Government and Local Authorities, appropriate investment and market by businesses, sound information to keep people in the picture, and a determination by all of us to make it work. 

Green Tau: issue 73

21st July 2023

The importance of transition pathways to net zero: part 1 – the Government 

The spread of extreme heat waves across the globe only reinforces the urgency that surrounds climate action. These extreme temperatures which are affecting both land and sea are a result of greenhouse gases we have already released into the atmosphere. These extreme weather events are here to stay, and if we do not curb emissions, their frequency and intensity will increase.  If life on earth is to remain tolerably liveable, then we must reach both the halving of emissions by 2030 and the 2050 net zero target,  as established in the 2015 Paris Agreement. All nations who are signatories to the Agreement are expected to deliver. As part of that process there need to be transition plans or route maps or in the case of the UK, Carbon Budgets, that detail how to get from here to there. 

In the UK the 2008 Climate Change Act set up the Climate Change Committee which is tasked with producing five yearly carbon budgets for the Government, and with producing an annual progress report.  The budget as presented as advice for the  Government to review and enshrine in law.  So far all the CCC’s recommendations have been followed. The first three budgets (for 2008-23) were set in 2008 and the fourth (for 2023-27) in 2011. NB The twelve year lead in period is there to give those making investments time to respond. The fifth carbon budget was set in 2016. The original 2008 target was an overall cut in greenhouse gas emissions of at least 80 per cent by 2050, relative to 1990. However, in 2019 this was replaced with a target of achieving net zero emissions by 2050 and this is reflected in the more exacting sixth carbon budget issued in 2020.  (https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/explainers/what-are-carbon-budgets-and-why-do-we-have-them/)

Currently then, we in the UK are embarking on the era of the Fourth Carbon Budget. At the same time we should be seeing investment already in place for the Fifth Carbon budget, as well as seeing new investment policies being put in place to meet the Sixth Carbon Budget. At anyone time the UK should be  benefitting from emissions reductions arising from the current Budget, investing in the infrastructure for the next Budget/s, and developing policies to implement these Budgets. 

To date the targets of all of the first three Carbon Budgets have been met. In part this was due to a reduction of economic activity over the period (most notably during the covid pandemic) coupled with rising fuel prices which depressed demand (again largely influenced by external factors such as the war in Ukraine). The pandemic has contributed a further plus factor in changing the commuting patterns and lowering to small degree traffic levels.  In addition a number of the winters have been warmer than expected.  

Meeting these targets has also been eased by a global shift towards renewable energy (sparked by the worries of oil running out and the ever increasing cost of oil and gas) and by a similarly motivated shift towards more energy efficient appliances and equipment (including more energy efficient vehicles). Hereon success in meeting future targets will rely far more on the skill with which forward thinking investments and comprehensive plans have been implemented over the last decade or more to attain these targets. Transitioning to a world where, for example, all energy comes from renewable sources, where every home functions like a passive house, where active travel is the norm and public transport provides a comprehensive service, does not happen overnight. It needs advance planning and investment. If energy is to come from renewable sources then wind farms needed to built. If homes are to upgraded to passive house standard, then a workforce is needed to install insulation and triple glazing. If active travel is to increase then safe cycle and pedestrian routes need to be put in place with nighttime lighting. If the public transport network is to be comprehensive, more bus routes need to be open up, buses bought and staff recruited. To achieve the transition we need, we are reliant on both the Government and business leaders. 

Each year the CCC provides Parliament with a Progress Report. In the introduction to this year’s, Lord Deben wrote: “In this report, we comment on a curious situation. This year, the Government has published more detail on their climate programme than ever before, cajoled to do so by the Courts. But Ministers seem less willing to put that programme at the centre of their stated aims. Our confidence in the achievement of the UK’s 2030 target and the Fifth and Sixth Carbon Budgets has markedly declined from last year.” https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Progress-in-reducing-UK-emissions-2023-Report-to-Parliament.pdf

This is concern is echoed throughout the report, for example: “However our confidence in the UK meeting the 2030 NDC [‘nationally determined contribution’ being each nation’s contribution to reducing global emissions in line with the Paris Agreement]  and  the Sixth Carbon Budget (2033-2037) has decreased since last year … whilst we would expect policies to be less developed for targets further away in time, the NDC is now only seven years away.” 

The Report (pages 2, 28 & 31)  lists the areas where the Government’s lack of planning and investment is materially affecting the chances of meeting the targets of Sixth Carbon Budget. For example:

  • Land use – the Government needs to formulate a policy framework, and there needs to be an urgent scaling up of land use mitigation measures such as tree planting and peatland restoration.
  • Buildings – rapid pursuit of zero carbon standards for new builds, and energy efficiency improvements for existing buildings.
  • Electricity – a commitment to the Government’s own plans to decarbonise the electric supply system by 2030  (giving confidence to would-be investors) and a rebalancing of the relative costs of gas and electricity.
  • Just transition – using fiscal and policy levers to ensure low-carbon choices are an affordable option for everyone.
  • Green workforce – this needs to be grown; a commitment to the green economy would be a string signal to the private sector.
  • Waste – greater emphasis needs to be given to waste prevention; equally reliance should not be placed on using waste as a source of energy.
  • Industrial emissions – these need to be reduced by 69% by 2035 relative to 2022. Government needs to be do more to accelerate decarbonisation- eg through accelerating the electrification of industrial heat (blast furnaces and similar).
  • Aviation – no new airport expansion.
  • Fossil fuels – no new oil and gas without stringent tests; presumption against coal.

This week as I was sat outside Parliament as part of the Earth Vigil, I was questioned,  ‘What was it that we were asking of the Government’? A good question to which the simplest answer might be to do what it’s  advisers, The Climate Change Committee,  recommends.

Counting on … day 1.133

20th July 2023 

Thinking about the value of trees, this comes from a Guardian article earlier in the year.

“Heatwaves tend to be the deadliest type of extreme weather, the scientists…

Roop Singh, at the Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre, said: “The results of the study indicate the need to work more urgently to put in place adaptations known to reduce heat-related mortality.” Lisbon, for example, has reduced the city heat-island effect by increasing the area covered by green spaces and water features.

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/may/05/april-mediterranean-heatwave-almost-impossible-without-climate-crisis?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other

Counting on … day 1.132

19th July 2023 

Today I signed a petition organised by Friends of the Earth calling on the government to plant more trees to help us adapt our environment to cope with increasing summer temperatures. Not only will these trees provide shade, they will also help the local ecosystem cope with extremes of rainfall absorbing excess rainfall in the soil against times of drought and slowing the flow of waters in times of potential flooding. 

This may be a good prompt to plan to plant another tree in our own garden (if we have the space), or maybe to sponsor a tree via organisations  such as the Woodlands Trust, the National Trust, Trees for Life, and even  via the NHS which is planting a nationwide NHS forest.

https://action.friendsoftheearth.uk/petition/green-our-streets?utm_source=call-to-action-supporting&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=trees&utm_content=FY2324-07_lm2307013_sign-my-name

Counting on … day 1.131

18th July 2023

What should the fossil fuel industries be doing? 

Christina Figueres, former Executive Secretary of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, diplomat and renowned climate leader, says “Let’s remember what the industry could and should be doing with those trillions of dollars: stepping away from any new oil and gas exploration, investing heavily into renewable energies and accelerating carbon capture and storage technologies to clean up existing fossil fuel use. Also, cutting methane emissions from the entire production line, abating emissions along their value chain and facilitating access to renewable energy for those still without electricity who number in their millions.”

Counting on … day 1.130

17th July 2023

Earlier I wrote about the bee hotel in our garden and its high level of occupancy (https://greentau.org/2023/05/21/counting-on-day-1-117-2/)

I have since read in the RSPB magazine that the bee larvae won’t hatch out until next spring and that to protect them against the cold, it is a good idea to put the bee hotel in a shed or porch over the winter, before returning the hotel to its outside location in the spring. 

6th Sunday after Trinity, Proper 10

16th July 2023

Reflection (readings are below)

Last week’s reflection looked at what makes people good, what helps us do the good things we know and want to do. Ultimately the answer is in our relationship with God. In accepting God, trusting in God, being responsive to God – letting God be at work in us.

In today’s story from Genesis we meet two people – Jacob and Esau – who are the same and yet different. They are both the children of Isaac and Rebekah, both conceived as a result of prayer. But where one pushes forward, the other is more patient. Where one is hairy, the other is smooth skinned. Where one loves hunting and the great outdoors, the other loves the quiet, orderly way of domestic life. Where one lives in the moment, the other is planning for the future. Later in the story we will learn that one is his mother’s favourite, whilst the other is his father’s favourite. 

That people are different (not necessarily meaning better or worse, and actually everyone has their faults) is a repeated narrative in the Bible: Cain and Abel; Joseph and his brothers, Moses and Aaron; Peter and Paul, Mary and Martha. Being different, having different skills, different insights, living through different experiences, is key to God’s creation of the human race. When we work together utilising those diverse skills and experience life is enhanced. When we oppose each other, despise our differences, make them a means of discrimination, then life is diminished. 

Another continuing narrative of the Bible is that biggest, strongest, first, is not always best. God chooses small people from small tribes, like Gideon and David. God chooses unpopular people like Jeremiah and Saul of Tarsus, and those from unpopular or despised professions like Matthew the tax collector and Rehab the prostitute. God chooses unreliable people like Thomas and Peter. God chooses insignificant people like Ruth and Mary. God chooses outsiders like Abraham the Aramean  and Cornelius the Gentile. We might say that God chooses upside down values that are not the way of the world. The first shall be last. The rock that was discarded will become the corner stone.

The last verse from the Genesis reading could be translated as ‘He did not esteem primogeniture’. Maybe there was more to Esau response than just hunger.

People are different but sometimes those difference change – are even reversed – over time. Later in the story of Esau and Jacob we hear that Jacob flees fearing his brother’s anger – indeed Esau has threatened to kill him. But later yet in the story, and we see Esau full of welcome and forgiveness for his returning brother. Likewise the arch persecutor Saul becomes the ardent convert Paul. The rash and unreliable Peter becomes the strong rock. The retiring widow Judith becomes the courageous assassin. The ability to change and develop, to be adaptable and flexible are useful traits that God uses to good effect. 

The working together of people who are different, the constructive use of diverse skills, the ability to change and adapt, are all going to be essential as we as a human race work with God in facing up to the climate crisis we have created, and thus working together in  transitioning to a net zero carbon world And not just net zero carbon, but net zero pollution, net zero injustice, and net zero biodiversity loss too. As we pray in the Lord’s Prayer, May your kingdom – ie God’s rule, God’s reign – come on earth as in heaven.

So what then do we make of the parable in today’s Gospel? Sometimes it is called the parable of the Sower, or the parable of the seeds or even the parable of the soils. It is a parable about difference but it starts with sameness – it is the same seed that is being sown everywhere by the sower. But everywhere the seed lands is different. The  parable suggests that everywhere that the seed lands, the soil has the potential to allow the seed to grow. It is not then that the soil is different but that the circumstances, the environment surrounding the soil and the seed, that determines what fruit the seed produces. These environmental factors do not give the seeds an equal chance, an equal opportunity, to flourish. Does that sound familiar? How often do we hear that people do not have successful lives because they have not had an equal opportunity to flourish? The different circumstances of their back ground, of the environment they have grown up in, has put the, at disadvantage. Their skills and characteristics have not been discerned or have been despised as unsuitable, unwanted. Maybe hearing this parable today, we should be hearing a challenge to ensure equally opportunities for all, a challenge to value diversity, a challenge to nurture flourishing for all God’s creation? Can we scare away the ‘birds’ that prey on others? Can we remove the obstacles of poor diet, low educational standards, lack of green spaces and places to exercise? Can we provide an attractive alternative to the consumer driven market? Can we in this way also experience the reign of God?

Genesis 25:19-34

These are the descendants of Isaac, Abraham’s son: Abraham was the father of Isaac, and Isaac was forty years old when he married Rebekah, daughter of Bethuel the Aramean of Paddan-aram, sister of Laban the Aramean. Isaac prayed to the Lord for his wife, because she was barren; and the Lord granted his prayer, and his wife Rebekah conceived. The children struggled together within her; and she said, “If it is to be this way, why do I live?” So she went to inquire of the Lord. And the Lord said to her,

“Two nations are in your womb,
and two peoples born of you shall be divided;

the one shall be stronger than the other,
the elder shall serve the younger.”

When her time to give birth was at hand, there were twins in her womb. The first came out red, all his body like a hairy mantle; so they named him Esau. Afterward his brother came out, with his hand gripping Esau’s heel; so he was named Jacob. Isaac was sixty years old when she bore them.

When the boys grew up, Esau was a skilful hunter, a man of the field, while Jacob was a quiet man, living in tents. Isaac loved Esau, because he was fond of game; but Rebekah loved Jacob.

Once when Jacob was cooking a stew, Esau came in from the field, and he was famished. Esau said to Jacob, “Let me eat some of that red stuff, for I am famished!” (Therefore he was called Edom.) Jacob said, “First sell me your birthright.” Esau said, “I am about to die; of what use is a birthright to me?” Jacob said, “Swear to me first.” So he swore to him, and sold his birthright to Jacob. Then Jacob gave Esau bread and lentil stew, and he ate and drank, and rose and went his way. Thus Esau despised his birthright.

Psalm 119:105-112

105 Your word is a lantern to my feet *
and a light upon my path.

106 I have sworn and am determined *
to keep your righteous judgments.

107 I am deeply troubled; *
preserve my life, O Lord, according to your word.

108 Accept, O Lord, the willing tribute of my lips, *
and teach me your judgments.

109 My life is always in my hand, *
yet I do not forget your law.

110 The wicked have set a trap for me, *
but I have not strayed from your commandments.

111 Your decrees are my inheritance for ever; *
truly, they are the joy of my heart.

112 I have applied my heart to fulfil your statutes *
for ever and to the end.

Romans 8:1-11

There is no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus. For the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus has set you free from the law of sin and of death. For God has done what the law, weakened by the flesh, could not do: by sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh, and to deal with sin, he condemned sin in the flesh, so that the just requirement of the law might be fulfilled in us, who walk not according to the flesh but according to the Spirit. For those who live according to the flesh set their minds on the things of the flesh, but those who live according to the Spirit set their minds on the things of the Spirit. To set the mind on the flesh is death, but to set the mind on the Spirit is life and peace. For this reason the mind that is set on the flesh is hostile to God; it does not submit to God’s law– indeed it cannot, and those who are in the flesh cannot please God.

But you are not in the flesh; you are in the Spirit, since the Spirit of God dwells in you. Anyone who does not have the Spirit of Christ does not belong to him. But if Christ is in you, though the body is dead because of sin, the Spirit is life because of righteousness. If the Spirit of him who raised Jesus from the dead dwells in you, he who raised Christ from the dead will give life to your mortal bodies also through his Spirit that dwells in you.

Matthew 13:1-9,18-23

Jesus went out of the house and sat beside the sea. Such great crowds gathered around him that he got into a boat and sat there, while the whole crowd stood on the beach. And he told them many things in parables, saying: “Listen! A sower went out to sow. And as he sowed, some seeds fell on the path, and the birds came and ate them up. Other seeds fell on rocky ground, where they did not have much soil, and they sprang up quickly, since they had no depth of soil. But when the sun rose, they were scorched; and since they had no root, they withered away. Other seeds fell among thorns, and the thorns grew up and choked them. Other seeds fell on good soil and brought forth grain, some a hundredfold, some sixty, some thirty. Let anyone with ears listen!”

“Hear then the parable of the sower. When anyone hears the word of the kingdom and does not understand it, the evil one comes and snatches away what is sown in the heart; this is what was sown on the path. As for what was sown on rocky ground, this is the one who hears the word and immediately receives it with joy; yet such a person has no root, but endures only for a while, and when trouble or persecution arises on account of the word, that person immediately falls away. As for what was sown among thorns, this is the one who hears the word, but the cares of the world and the lure of wealth choke the word, and it yields nothing. But as for what was sown on good soil, this is the one who hears the word and understands it, who indeed bears fruit and yields, in one case a hundredfold, in another sixty, and in another thirty.”