Counting on … day 207

18th December 2025

How do we see the impact of exceeding the planetary boundaries for fresh water?

“Climate change has become the main global driver of freshwater disruption. A warmer atmosphere holds more moisture and changes how and where rain falls, leading to more intense floods in some regions and severe droughts in others. These shifts are transforming long-established rainfall and river patterns, creating new and unpredictable hydrological conditions that put pressure on both ecosystems and human societies.” (1)

A disruption in rainfall patterns can mean either more or less rain than usual, or more rainfall but less often so that rainfall is more intense. This can lead to the drying out of wetlands, the lowering of lake and river levels and the disruption of the ecosystems those water features supported. In the Amazon basin we are seeing river levels drop significantly impacting local communities and their livelihoods and destabilisation of the rainforest such that trees, plants and creatures are lost.

Disruption means loss of soil moisture. Not only does this impact plant growth and thus a whole food chains, it also makes landscapes more vulnerable to droughts and wildfires. The UK saw a record number of wildfires this year.

Excessive amounts of rainfall over a prolonged period, or concentrated into a short time frame, causes extreme flooding that disrupts habitats, destroys infrastructure, displaces people, erodes soils and causes devastating landslides. We have seen many examples of this in the recent Asian super typhoons. 

Disruption to normal rainfall patterns leads to water scarcity. A lack of rain depletes water supplies, whilst infrequent intense rainfall runs quickly of the land, again failing to restore water stocks in reservoirs and rivers. Warmer winters diminishes the replenishment of glaciers, and increase the rate at which they melt. Together this reduces the flow of water into rivers during summer periods aggravating water scarcity.  Both in Iran and in South Africa, whole communities are face a complete lack of drinking water as droughts combine with atypical rainfall patterns. 

  1. https://www.planetaryhealthcheck.org/boundary/freshwater-change/

Counting on … day 206

17th December 2025

Only 2.5% of the Earth’s water is fresh water – the rest is salt water found in the seas and oceans.

Fresh water exists in two forms, blue water and green water.

Blue water is the water that is in rivers, lakes , underground aquifers and as frozen water in glaciers and ice sheets. Amazingly about 60% of blue water is locked away as ice.

Green water is the water stored in the soil and drawn up by plants. 

Every year some 500,000km3 of water evaporates from the surface of the oceans, with 450,000km3 returning as precipitation directly back into the ocean(usually within a period of about 9 days) and 50,000km3 falling on land. 

“The highest rate of evaporation from the oceans occurs in winter for both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The location of greatest evaporation is found on the east coasts of continents. This is due primarily to winter storms that move off the east coasts of continents, which tend to have strong winds. These winds help carry water vapor away from its source, thereby allowing more evaporation to take place.

“Another factor is the warm ocean currents that move pole-ward along the east coasts of continents. The cold winter-time air masses that move over the water allow for large differences in air and sea temperatures, so evaporation is also large. When these differences in air and sea temperatures are then combined with strong winds, it makes evaporation in these regions very efficient.” (1)

Water molecules from the ocean would struggle to reach the inner parts of the continents. Here precipitation is dependent on moisture that has been released by plants through evaporation, forming clouds etc. Plants provide about 70,000km3 of such precipitation. Vegetation cover is key to ensuring that precipitation spreads right across continents. 

The other key source of water for inland areas is from melting snow and ice: high mountain regions capture precipitation and then release it throughout the year as meltwater-fed rivers. Water molecules that are exist within these frozen states may take a thousand years to complete the journey from precipitation to their return to the ocean! This is also highlights as we loose glaciers because of global warming, they will be hard to replace.

  1. https://www.noaa.gov/jetstream/max-what-cycle

Counting on … day 205

16th December 

Fresh water is essential for life, but are we using it wisely?

A new analysis of freshwater resources across the globe shows that human activity has pushed variation in the planet’s freshwater cycle well outside of its pre-industrial range. The study shows that the updated planetary boundary for freshwater change was surpassed by the mid-twentieth century. In other words, for the past century, humans have been pushing the Earth’s freshwater system far beyond the stable conditions that prevailed before industrialisation.” (1) 

We are seeing more extreme wet and more extreme dry conditions across the globe. Ingo Fetzer at the Stockholm Resilience Centre notes: “Water extremes, such as droughts and flooding, can have significant impacts on ecosystems and biodiversity that function are essential for human societies. However, human activities, including agriculture, urbanisation, and climate change, influence the water cycle and exacerbate extreme events. By understanding and mitigating these factors, we can work to protect and preserve our planet’s vital water resources and maintain biodiversity.” (1)

  1. https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/research-stories/2024-03-06-freshwater-planetary-boundary-has-been-crossed-since-the-mid-twentieth-century.html

Counting on … day 204

15th December 2025

What is AMOC? 

AMOC, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, is a system of ocean currents that help distribute warm water around the world. (1)

I wrote about this last month – https://greentau.org/2025/11/18/counting-on-189/ – but want to recommend Professor Tim Lenton’s address at the National Emergency Briefing which illustrates vividly the impact if AMOC fails: https://youtu.be/tmd6MDiJmQU?si=RcnuJIDqMeJHirD5

Research, which is still on going, suggests that the topping point which will make the collapse of AMOC inevitable could be passed in the next few decades – but the resulting collapse of the system might take another 50-100 years to happen. Even keeping the global temperature rise to the 1.5C Paris target is now predicted to carry a 10-25% risk of reaching this tipping point before the end of the century. It is a risk we cannot afford to take given the impact it will have on the viability of human life – even if that will not effect us now, it will effect future generations, our children and our children’s children. (2)

  1. https://weather.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/assets/metofficegovuk/pdf/research/climate-science/met-office-hadley-centre/amoc-factsheet-update-2025-v3.pdf

(2) https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/aug/28/collapse-critical-atlantic-current-amoc-no-longer-low-likelihood-study?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other

And also https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/oct/23/we-dont-know-where-the-tipping-point-is-climate-expert-on-potential-collapse-of-atlantic-circulation?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other

Third Sunday of Advent

14th December 2025

Reflection with readings below

Advent is the season when we prepare for the coming of Jesus – of his coming as both a frail human baby and as the Word that establishes the reign of God here on Earth. Prophets such as Isaiah gave their people – and us – a vision of what that world order would look like. It is one of beauty and flourishing, of abundance, of healing and restoration. Who wouldn’t want to love in such a world? Why then is it that 2000 years after the birth of Jesus we still seem stuck in a world order that doesn’t protect beauty, that doesn’t enable everyone to flourish, that allows a minority to have more than enough whilst others go without, that rations healing according to wealth or advantage, that is racing towards planetary destruction rather than restoration?

Somehow we are failing to live according to the rule, the way of life, that God intends for us. It was Bernard Shaw who famously said “Christianity might be a good thing if anyone ever tried it.”

Today’s canticle is the Magnificat, the Song of Mary, which is also prophetic. What Mary proclaims is not the state of the world as it was in her day, but how it could – would – become in the day of her son, God’s son. And it is prophetic in telling how that future will come into place – and it is a way that is radical, turning the accepted order upside down! 

It is a song that openly challenges the maintenance of the status quo. It is a song that openly asserts that those who are rich are going to have to fore sake most of their wealth; it is a song that asserts that those with power are going to have to vacate their high positions and enable a widespread sharing of power; it is a song that challenges those who think they know all the answers, who think they have everything under their control. 

I wonder if we are ready for such a revolution? How would we feel if the rich were asked to give up their wealth? Or if those with power were asked to share it? How would we feel if those who live in comfort were asked to share the life experiences of the poor? Maybe these are the situations we are expected to ponder on and prepare for during Advent? 

This last week the group Take Back Power tipped bags of manure out under the Christmas tree at the Ritz hotel in a protest aimed at highlighting the wealth inequality that exists in the UK. The group is calling in the government to establish a “permanent House of the People- a citizen’s assembly chosen by democratic lottery, that has the power to tax extreme wealth and fix Britain.”

Later the group carried out another action at the Tower of London, splashing apple and crumble and custard over the display case containing the Crown Jewels. One of the protestors said “Our country is crumbling before our eyes. We have homeless people dying on the very streets that King Charles passed on his way to the coronation, whilst there are more empty homes than unhoused people in this country. It’s time the ultra-rich pay their fair share.”

If such tactics revolt us, how would we go about bringing in the changes that the Magnificat celebrates?

Today’s gospel tells us that Jesus understood his coming onto the human stage as the messiah, would be apparent through the transformation his ministry wrought. Is his ministry still being carried on by us? Are we as Christians – as Christ Followers – bringing about a visible change in the order of things? Could a modern day bystander go and tell John that “the blind receive their sight, the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, the deaf hear, the dead are raised, and the poor have good news brought to them. And blessed is anyone who takes no offence at me.”? 

I think we are as Christians beholden to take a stand, to call our injustice and inequality, and to heal and to make good all that has been inured and destroyed by the world’s greed. We may have to be patient – and persistent – in this. But equally we should draw strength and hope from the knowledge that we are not alone, for even as we wait for Jesus, he is already alongside us. 

Isaiah 35:1-10

The wilderness and the dry land shall be glad,
the desert shall rejoice and blossom; 

like the crocus it shall blossom abundantly,
and rejoice with joy and singing. 

The glory of Lebanon shall be given to it,
the majesty of Carmel and Sharon.

They shall see the glory of the Lord,
the majesty of our God.

Strengthen the weak hands,
and make firm the feeble knees.

Say to those who are of a fearful heart,
“Be strong, do not fear! 

Here is your God.
He will come with vengeance, 

with terrible recompense.
He will come and save you.” 

Then the eyes of the blind shall be opened,
and the ears of the deaf unstopped; 

then the lame shall leap like a deer,
and the tongue of the speechless sing for joy. 

For waters shall break forth in the wilderness,
and streams in the desert; 

the burning sand shall become a pool,
and the thirsty ground springs of water; 

the haunt of jackals shall become a swamp,
the grass shall become reeds and rushes. 

A highway shall be there,
and it shall be called the Holy Way; 

the unclean shall not travel on it,
but it shall be for God’s people; no traveler, not even fools, shall go astray. 

No lion shall be there,
nor shall any ravenous beast come up on it; 

they shall not be found there,
but the redeemed shall walk there. 

And the ransomed of the Lord shall return,
and come to Zion with singing; 

everlasting joy shall be upon their heads;
they shall obtain joy and gladness,
and sorrow and sighing shall flee away.

The Song of Mary Magnificat

My soul proclaims the greatness of the Lord,

my spirit rejoices in God my Saviour; *
for he has looked with favour on his lowly servant.

From this day all generations will call me blessed: *
the Almighty has done great things for me, and holy is his Name.

He has mercy on those who fear him *
in every generation.

He has shown the strength of his arm, *
he has scattered the proud in their conceit.

He has cast down the mighty from their thrones, *
and has lifted up the lowly.

He has filled the hungry with good things, *
and the rich he has sent away empty.

He has come to the help of his servant Israel, *
for he has remembered his promise of mercy,

The promise he made to our fathers, *
to Abraham and his children for ever.

Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit: *
as it was in the beginning, is now, and will be for ever. Amen.

James 5:7-10

Be patient, therefore, beloved, until the coming of the Lord. The farmer waits for the precious crop from the earth, being patient with it until it receives the early and the late rains. You also must be patient. Strengthen your hearts, for the coming of the Lord is near. Beloved, do not grumble against one another, so that you may not be judged. See, the Judge is standing at the doors! As an example of suffering and patience, beloved, take the prophets who spoke in the name of the Lord.

Matthew 11:2-11

When John heard in prison what the Messiah was doing, he sent word by his disciples and said to him, “Are you the one who is to come, or are we to wait for another?” Jesus answered them, “Go and tell John what you hear and see: the blind receive their sight, the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, the deaf hear, the dead are raised, and the poor have good news brought to them. And blessed is anyone who takes no offence at me.”

As they went away, Jesus began to speak to the crowds about John: “What did you go out into the wilderness to look at? A reed shaken by the wind? What then did you go out to see? Someone dressed in soft robes? Look, those who wear soft robes are in royal palaces. What then did you go out to see? A prophet? Yes, I tell you, and more than a prophet. This is the one about whom it is written,

‘See, I am sending my messenger ahead of you,
who will prepare your way before you.’ 

“Truly I tell you, among those born of women no one has arisen greater than John the Baptist; yet the least in the kingdom of heaven is greater than he.”

Advent – for those who work and give

13th December 2025

Those who sow in tears shall reap with joyful shouting.

He who goes to and fro weeping, carrying his bag of seed,

Shall indeed come again with a shout of joy, bringing his sheaves with him. Psalm 126:5-6 

In Scandinavia a sheaf of wheat or other grains is saved and put out at Christmas for the birds. If lots of birds come, it is said to presage a good harvest. Maybe it is a reminder that generosity is frequently reciprocal. 

A reading from Deuteronomy 24:10-21

When you reap your harvest in your field and have forgotten a sheaf in the field, you shall not go back to get it; it shall be for the alien, for the orphan, and for the widow, in order that the Lord your God may bless you in all the work of your hands. When you beat your olive tree, you shall not go over the boughs again; it shall be for the alien, for the orphan, and for the widow. “When you gather the grapes of your vineyard, you shall not go over it again; it shall be for the alien, for the orphan, and for the widow. 

As we prepare for Christmas amidst a rush to buy all that we want and more, let us pray for those from whose labour we gain:

We pray for shop staff and shelf stackers, warehouse workers and delivery drivers:

May their work be rewarding and well rewarded.

We pray for factory hands and machinists, for assemblers and packers:

May their labour be rewarded, their safety ensured.

We pray for farmers and growers, labourers and pickers:

May the fruits of their work be savoured and not be wasted.

We pray for the soil and the water table:

May what is extracted be replenished, may their good health be sustained.

We pray for agricultural live stock – birds, animals and fish:

May they be raised with love and respect and, at their life’s end, with dignity and care.

May we as consumers, always show out thanks and respect for the work of others.

May we be measured in what we buy, 

may we be conscientious in caring for what we have, 

and may we be generous in passing forward all that we can share. 

Amen.


Go forth into the world in peace.

Be of good courage.

Hold fast that which is good.

Render to no one evil for evil.

Strengthen the fainthearted.

Support the weak.

Help the afflicted.

Show love to everyone.

Love and serve the Lord,

rejoicing in the power of the Holy Spirit;

and may the blessing of almighty God,

the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit,

be with us all. 

Amen.

From the Book of Common Prayer 

Counting on … day 203

12th December 2025

Can the acidification of the oceans be reversed? This from Biology Insights

“Reversing ocean acidification involves both natural and engineered approaches. The Earth has self-regulating mechanisms, such as the dissolution of calcium carbonate sediments on the ocean floor and the weathering of rocks on land. These processes release alkaline materials that neutralise acidity, but they operate over thousands of years and are too slow to counteract the current rapid changes.

“Scientists are exploring geoengineering techniques to accelerate this process. One proposal is ocean alkalinity enhancement, which adds alkaline substances like ground olivine or lime to seawater to increase its pH. This method seeks to speed up the natural weathering process to neutralise excess acidity.

“Other methods are more technologically intensive, such as electrochemical approaches that remove acidity directly from seawater. These systems would use electricity to manage ions and reduce acidity, but they face challenges of scale, cost, and energy requirements. The potential for unintended ecological side effects from these engineered solutions is not yet fully understood.” (1)

It is hard to imagine how either the geo engineering or the electrochemical solutions can work at scale. Ditto for proposals that carbon dioxide could be removed from the oceans and stored underground using carbon capture technology.

More promising are projects that focus on planting seaweeds such as kelp and sea grass which as they grow absorb carbon dioxide from the water. (2) At the same time such projects improve marine biodiversity, and indeed are often established as part of Marine Protected Areas. These project are often simply restoring ecosystems that have been degraded by human exploitation. Nevertheless even plants such as seagrass can struggle as temperatures rise and as ecosystems become more unstable. (3) 

Therefore the most important way of protecting our oceans is to to reduce significantly and at speed the amount of carbon dioxide that we emit.

  1. https://biologyinsights.com/is-ocean-acidification-reversible-a-scientific-look/
  2. https://www.mbari.org/news/seagrasses-turn-back-the-clock-on-ocean-acidification/

(3) https://www.mccip.org.uk/sites/default/files/2021-07/mccip-seagrass.pdf

Counting on … day 202

11th December 2025

What is a tipping point?

From the Met Office “In the context of climate science, a tipping point refers to a critical threshold in the earth’s system or related processes which, if passed, can cause sudden, dramatic or even irreversible changes to some of the earth’s largest systems, such as the Antarctic ice sheet or the Amazon rainforest.” (1)

And from the Natural History Museum: “Large areas of the world could soon become unrecognisable if global temperatures continue to rise. From the loss of coral reefs to the shutdown of major ocean currents, shifts in Earth’s climate and ecosystems will have untold consequences for billions of people across the world.” (2)

Tim Lennon, head of the Global Systems Institute at Exeter University p, spoke very eloquently on this issue at the recent National Emergency Briefing. You can see a recording here – https://youtu.be/tmd6MDiJmQU?si=goRIfzf8AhiriESi

Tipping points also work in the opposite direction. Just last year the last coal fired power station closed ahead of schedule as policies that encouraged the phasing out of coal reached that critical tipping point. Similar tipping points can also be seen in the cost fall and expansion of wind farms, solars panels and electric vehicles. 

  1. https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/blog/2023/what-do-we-mean-by-a-climate-tipping-point
  2. https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/news/2025/october/we-are-reaching-earths-climate-tipping-points-and-more-are-on-the-way.html

Counting on … day 201

10th December 2025

When planetary boundaries are once crossed, it is still possible to reverse the situation and restore the balance of the Earth’s systems. However the effect of crossing a planetary boundary may irreversibly impact delicate parts of the Earth’s ecosystems such as coral reefs.

These reefs are important because:- 

  • They protect shorelines from strong ocean currents and  prevent coastal erosion
  • They provide sheltered waters for many species of sea life.
  • They filter polluted water ensuring clean water for marine life and clean beaches
  • They sustain local fishing based communities and especially those located on low-lying islands
  • They absorb carbon dioxide

Coral reefs are being damaged by the acidification of the oceans – the depletion of calcium in the structure weakens them. They are also damaged by rising ocean temperatures which stress the corals causing them to expel the symbiotic algae that enable them to feed and which give them their distinctive colours – this is called coral bleaching. (1) 

The multiple causes of damage to the world’s coral reefs has destroyed such a proportion that their future is now jeopardised. These reefs are loss of coral reefs on this scale means that we have passed one of the Earth’s systems tipping points. (2) 

In the Caribbean,  coral reefs have decreased by 48% since 1980. (3) 

Info graphic https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/coralreef-climate.html

(1) https://www.wwf.org.uk/coral-reefs-and-climate-change

(2) https://global-tipping-points.org/case-studies/#coral

(3) https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/dec/09/caribbean-reefs-have-lost-48-of-hard-coral-since-1980-study-finds?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other

Counting on … day 200

9th  December 2026

Ocean health: acidification 

One of the nine planetary boundaries is ocean acidification. If the oceans become too acidic it endangers marine life and therefore the lives of the rest of us who are dependent on healthy oceans. 

The 2025 Planetary Health Check showed that this planetary boundary has been breached: since the start of the industrial era, the oceans’ acidity has increased by 30-40% destabilising this important  Earth systems. (1) 

What is ocean acidification?

“For millions of years, the ocean has acted as Earth’s carbon sponge, quietly absorbing carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the air. But that natural partnership has turned toxic in the age of fossil fuels.

“As humanity has pumped unprecedented levels of CO₂ into the atmosphere, the oceans have taken in more and more of it—now absorbing roughly a quarter of all carbon emissions. But this uptake comes at a cost. When carbon dioxide dissolves in seawater, it undergoes a chemical transformation, forming carbonic acid. That acidification strips the ocean of carbonate ions—essential building blocks for creatures like corals, clams, and countless shell-forming organisms.

“As their calcium carbonate shells thin and weaken, so too do the coral reefs and underwater habitats they support. A weakened foundation means collapsing ecosystems—once-thriving marine gardens reduced to skeletal remains.” (2) 

(1) https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/planetary-boundaries.html

(2)  https://www.sciencenewstoday.org/parts-of-earths-oceans-have-quietly-crossed-a-dangerous-threshold